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Elizabeth Warren On the Daily Show Video

The Supreme Court, in session this morning, is releasing its rulings on the landmark campaign finance case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.

Early reports indicate the court's rulings will indeed rewrite federal campaign finance law, particularly as it applies to corporate and union independent expenditures.

The restriction dates to 1907, when President Theodore Roosevelt persuaded Congress to forbid corporations, railroads and national banks from putting money into federal races. After World War II, Congress extended the ban to labor unions. More recently, the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002 added an extra limit on corporate and union-funded broadcast ads in the month before an election. Such ads were prohibited if they even mentioned a candidate running for office.

Thursday's decision swept away all of these restrictions.

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Horse trading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Horse trading is, in the original sense, the buying and selling of horses, also called "Horse Dealing". Due to the great difficulties of evaluating the merits or demerits of a horse offered for sale, the selling of horses offered great opportunities for dishonesty. It was not to be expected that the sellers of horses would fail to capitalize on these opportunities; thus those who dealt in horses have always had a reputation for shady business practices.

With the decline in the standards of business ethics in the U.S. in the Gilded Age, however, the activities of horse traders came increasingly to be seen by the business class not as symptoms of the moral depravity of horse traders, but as the natural, and not necessarily wholly undesireable product of a competitive market. Thus, for example, the New York Times in an 1893 editorial criticizing a proposed law to make it illegal for a newspaper to falsely state its circulation figures, declared that "if the lying were stopped by law, the business of horse trading would come to an end, and the country taverns and groceries in the Winter season would be deprived even of the limited eventfulness which they now enjoy."[1]

Such attitudes were reflected in the early 20th century adoption of horse trading as an approbatory term for what others would deem ethically dubious business practices; it is likely the 1898 publication of Edward Noyes Westcott's David Harum -- whose title character saw all business through the lens of horse trading -- played a key role in this.

In a further development of meaning, horse trading has come to refer specifically to political vote trading, and this is now the most common sense of the term, largely displacing the older term, logrolling.

Logrolling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Logrolling is the trading of favors or quid pro quo, such as vote trading by legislative members to obtain passage of actions of interest to each legislative member. It is also the "cross quoting" of papers by academics in order to drive up reference counts. The Nuttall Encyclopedia describes log-rolling as "mutual praise by authors of each other's work." American frontiersman Davy Crockett was one of the first to apply the term to legislation:

The first known use of the term was by Congressman Davy Crockett, who said on the floor (of the U.S. House of Representatives) in 1835, "my people don't like me to log-roll in their business, and vote away pre-emption rights to fellows in other states that never kindle a fire on their own land."[citation needed]

The widest accepted origin is the old custom of neighbors assisting each other with the moving of logs. If two neighbors had cut a lot of timber which needed to be moved, it made more sense for them to work together to roll the logs.[1][2] In this way, it is similar to a barn-raising where a neighbor comes and helps build your barn and then you go and help build his. Here is an example of the term's original use:

"A family comes to sit in the forest," wrote an observer in 1835. "Their neighbors lay down their employments, shoulder their axes, and come in to the log-rolling. They spend the day in hard labor, and then retire, leaving the newcomers their good wishes, and an habitation.[citation needed]

Though most sources support the above etymology, another possible origin is from the sport by the same name in which two contestants try to topple each other into the water by standing on a log. Each must keep up with the other or risk taking a spill, so it appears to be cooperative.[citation needed]

"Congress shall make no law that applies to the citizens of the United States that does not apply equally to the Senators and/or Representatives, and Congress shall make no law that applies to the Senators and/or Representatives that does not apply equally to the citizens of the United States."

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